Juvenile Corrections Essay

juvenile corrections encompasses the portions of the barbarous arbiter system that subscribe with adolescent person offenders. Many of these facilities and programs bet to mirror jails and prisons, nevertheless jejune person person corrections ar non meant for long term sentences. Sometimes sentences for jejunes ar solo several weeks long. Juvenile corrections alike defy a untouchable counsel on rehabilitation because studies withdraw shown that new offenders argon much habituated to rehabilitation than adult offenders. These programs and services were drifted to encour long time to teach these youthful offenders how to emend deal with situations and how to avoid entering the into the criminal justice system over again. (wisegeek)The judges who handle these new-fangled personas specialize in take forming with new-fangled offenders and their umbr sequences. Others who specialize in late crime be a part of the teenage corrections system as well. T his holds amicable workers, probation policemans, as well as others. Their aim is usu altogethery non to punish the juveniles alone, tho to use the punishment as a way to rehabilitate them as well. (US juristic) historic Background of Juvenile CorrectionsThe origins of juvenile corrections be not only if clear. Juvenile and adult offenders urinate been tempered differently for some time, still what ages atomic number 18 considered to be juvenile has changed over time. The join States perspective on juvenile ages and justice was greatly influenced by English law. In the 1700s, William Blackstone, an English lawyer, published his Commentaries on the Laws of England, where he identified that young persons are incompetent of committing crime. Generally, anyone under of the age of seven was incapable of committing crime. Any child over the age of 14 was able to be time-tested as an adult. Children betwixt the ages of 7 and 14 are a gray area, exclusively were commonplacel y not held accountable for their actions unless it could be shown that they knew what was advanced or wrong. Punishments for organism embed guilt-ridden of crime included the death penalty, even for juvenile offenders. (ABA, 2011)The juvenile corrections system began to change and be melio roll in the nineteenth century. Social reformers began to bring on special facilities to rehabilitate troubled juveniles, peculiarly in large cities, (ABA, 2011, p 5). These reformers verbalize that they wanted to protect these juvenile offenders by keeping them separate from the adult populations because they were better able to be rehabilitated. The first royal coquet system for juveniles in the United States started in 1899 in Illinois. These courts also aimed to rehabilitate the juvenile offenders. They had juvenile court systems in most(prenominal) orders by 1824. The courts became the guardians of the juvenile offenders, or their parens patriae. These court proceedings were consi dered to be civil matters and not considered to be criminal matters. Their basic focus was on rehabilitating the juvenile offenders. (ABA, 2011)The juvenile courts changed again in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, the case of Gerald in In re Gault, the domineering Court granted many juveniles some, but not all, due process rights in the course of their court proceedings. This included the right to be notified of their pending bams, the right to have an attorney, the right to protect themselves against self-incrimination, and the rights to confront and cross-examine their witnesses. troika years later, in In re Winship, the Court also established that the incriminate must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable distrust. In 1971, in McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, the Courts ruled that juries are not required for juvenile proceedings. In most cases, the judge in charge of the juvenile corrections department provide hear the case, judge the offender, and sentence the offender. (ABA, 2011)Re cidivism rate in Juvenile CorrectionsWhen it comes to beat a correctional agencys facilities and programs, recidivism rates are most a great deal use. These rates guide spending and mount decisions aimed to effectively combat crime. While in that respect is no standard rate that is aimed for, the melodic theme is to sift to reduce the recidivism rate or even keep it the like contend to raising it. When the recidivism rates are not progressing in the manner expected, these agencies must try to find other avenues and strategies that will concur a positive impact on the recidivism rates, and in the long run, these juveniles lives. (CJCA, 2011)The Indiana part of Correction (IDOC) defines recidivism as a return to incarceration deep down three years of the offenders date of release from a state correctional institution. (Schelle, 2012) The 2011 recidivism rate for all juvenile offenders was 36.7%. The recidivism rate for Afri stool American juvenile offenders was 43.8%. Eight y-two percent of the juveniles who recidivated did so with a new crime, and the other 18% returned because of skillful violations. Of all juveniles released in 2008, 40.9% of males returned to IDOC, while only 15.8% of females returned, (Schelle, 2012). Surprisingly, juvenile sex offenders had the lowest recidivism rate at 13.6%. (Schelle, 2012)Risk-Focused Juvenile Crime streakRisk factors for juvenile delinquency have been identified from multiple studies. These essay factors are different for older and younger juveniles. When foc utilize on the soulfulness juvenile between the ages of 6-11, delinquency risk factors include creation male, having a low IQ, having anti brotherly poses and beliefs, dishonesty, having health check and physical problems, hyperactivity, exposure to television violence, tiny offenses, having distressing attitude and performance at school, and substance use. In this same age group, the childs family purlieu can also include risk factors as well. Some of these risk factors are being in a low socioeconomic status or poverty, having anti affable parents, having poor relationships, receiving harsh or inconsistent cogitation, having a down in the mouth home, being separated from their parents, and having opprobrious or neglectful parents. (Przybylski, 2008)For children between the ages of 12 and 14, the individual risk factors include general offenses, having a low IQ, displaying antisocial behaviour, committing crimes against others, using physical violence, being male, displaying risk fetching behaviors, displaying aggression, having low concentration, restlessness, and general offenses. Other factors also include having a poor attitude in school, academic failure, having weak social ties, and gang membership.Living in a community with high neighborhood crime, drugs, and disarrangement are also factors. In this same age group, the childs family environment can also include risk factors as well. Some of these risk facto rs are lax or harsh discipline by parents, lack of adult or parental supervision, lack of parental involvement, having antisocial parents, having poor relationships, coming from a broken home, living in poverty, being abused, and experiencing family conflict. With all of these risk factors being mentioned, It is important to bring in that risk factors cannot be used to secernate which particular children will grow up to be offenders, (Przybylski, 2008, p 84).There are also protective factors that may abet counter-act the risk factors mentioned above. These include the individual juvenile having a strong attitude or being intolerant toward deviance, having a higher(prenominal) IQ, being female, having more positive social skills and orientation, and understanding the sanctions for any transgressions. Some familial protective factors include having warm, strong, and supporting relationships with caregivers, dependable monitoring by parents, and the general support of the juveniles friends by the juveniles parents. Other protective factors include the juvenile being committed to their education, gaining actualisation for extracurricular activities, and having friends who are also against deviate behavior. (Przybylski, 2008)What Rehabilitation Efforts Work for Juveniles and Which Do notThere has been much research on what programs work to rehabilitate juvenile offenders. The general results have been that the majority of the programs have no real effect on the juvenile recidivism rate aside from a some exceptions. The reason why juveniles have demoralize recidivism rates is believed to be because juveniles are not completely aware of the ramifications of their actions and do not always understand the true detriment they inflict on their victims. (Lieb, 1994)The results of multiple studies record several approaches to rehabilitation that do not work. Those include visiting a probation officer one time per month, diagnostic assessments, behavior modificati on for any complex behaviors, giving discussion groups, attending school as a single approach, field trips, work programs, psychodynamic counseling, and therapeutic camping trips. The research used 50 different juvenile correctional programs and came to the conclusion that the results were, far from encouraging, and correctional manipulation has little effect on recidivism, (Lieb, 1994, p 5).The results showed that some behavioral approaches received more positive results. An depth psychology used 90 residential and community programs for juvenile offenders. The analysis concluded that, Behavior approaches had the most success in reducing recidivism although the effects were so small that they could not reject the unimportant hypothesis. Group therapy and transactional analysis programs were more likely to produce negative effects, (Lieb, 1994, p 5). What does seem to work is using correctional give-and-take and service utilizing three principles that include acquire service to the high-risk juveniles, paying precaution to the risk factors mentioned above, and using different styles of treatment depending on the needs and learning styles of the individual juvenile offender. (Lieb, 1994)ReferencesABA. (2011, June 29). The History of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from American Bar Association http//www.americanbar.org/content/ close up/aba/migrated/publiced/features/DYJpart1.authcheckdam.pdfCJCA. (2011). Recidivism Committee. Retrieved December 2, 2012, from Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators http//cjca.net/index.php/initiatives/recidivism-committeeLieb, R. (1994). Juvenile Offenders What kit and boodle? A Summary of investigate Findings. The Evergreen State College. Olympia uppercase State Institute for Public Policy.Przybylski, R. (2008). What Works Effective Recidivism Reduction and Risk-Focused Prevention Programs. capital of Colorado RKC Group.Schelle, S. (2012). Juvenile Recidivism 2011. Indianapolis Indiana Depar tment of Correction.USLegal. (n.d.). Juvenile Corrections Law & Legal Definition. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from USLegal.com http//definitions.uslegal.com/j/juvenile-corrections/wisegeek. (n.d.). What is Juvenile Corrections? Retrieved November 22, 2012, from wisegeek.com http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-juvenile-corrections.htm