Walter Whitman Essay - 2069 Words

All Alone nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Walter Whitman was an American poet of the 1800’s. Walt was arguably one of America’s influential and innovative poets of his time. Whitman began work as a printer and journalist in the New York City area. He wrote articles on politics, civics, and the arts. During the Civil War, Whitman was a volunteer assistant in the military hospitals in Washington, D.C. After the war, he worked in several government departments until he suffered a stroke in 1873. He spent the rest of his life in Camden, N.J., where he continues to write poems and articles. Leaves of Grass, a book of poems Whitman began in 1848 was so unusual at the time that no publisher would publish it. In 1855, he published it†¦show more content†¦It is difficult to challenge the purity and spirituality of the feelings Whitman and Doyle had for each other. Many cant figure out what was between them. â€Å"There can be no doubt that these feelings transcend those usual to friends or companions of the same sex† (Allen 25). Whitman was a homosexual and many of his poems relate to manly love. â€Å"To the serious reader of Calamus, the ‘manly love’ that recurs both as a term and as an idea is of such genuine poetic complexity as to render it a good deal more than ‘abnormal’ and considerably less than ‘deficient’†(Canby 124). The poems also show the friendship of men and women through his life.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Calamus is a section that has changed along with the revisions of the book. The poems came and gone with how Walt felt each poem held up in each section. â€Å" No section in Leaves of Grass has received so much close attention and been the center of so much discussion and controversy as Calamus† (Bliss 288). Whitman’s own saintlike, spiritual life shows as proof that the poems could not be unwholesome. â€Å"William Sloane Kennedy calls Calamus, â€Å"Whitman’s beautiful democratic poems of friendship† (Bliss 288). The purity, innocence, and spirituality of the Calamus concept cannot be missed. The idea in not original with Whitman. As he states, â€Å" the Calamus idea was expressed by all mankind’s saviors and has frequently beenShow MoreRelatedWalter Whitman1003 Words   |  5 PagesWalter Whitman â€Å"I believe a leaf of grass is no less than the journey-work of the stars† (Whitman 41). Walter Whitman, also known as Walt Whitman, was born on May 31, 1819, in Long Island, New York, to Walter Whitman and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman. When he was twelve, Walt and his family settled in Brooklyn, up to then his family had lived in a dozen different places (Conarroe 4). Walt worked in many different positions; to some he was even viewed as a drifter. Walt was many different things;Read MoreWalter Whitman Research Paper Outline Draft538 Words   |  3 PagesThesis: People who read about Walter Whitman tend to say that he had a good life until his mother pass and his book Leaves of Grass in a book about his life and what he went through. Introduction: Walt Whitman was an American poet from West Hills, Long Island New York. He wrote plenty of poems for the New York Times Journal newspaper also known for the famous book Leaves of Grass that had nine editions and is more than one book. The book Leaves of Grass was published in 1888 when he was finallyRead MoreLeaves Of Grass By Walt Whitman915 Words   |  4 PagesLeaves on Grass is collection of poems written by an American poet named Walt Whitman. The first edition was published in 1855 but, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing and rewriting Leaves of Grass, until his death in 1892 at the age of 72. Even though during the time his work was considered immoral later people began to realize the beauty behind his poems and started to appreciate the man who wrote them.Whitman s Leaves of Grass is iconic in American poetry because of the beautyRead MoreDemocratic Individualism in Walt Whitman Poetry1663 Words   |  7 PagesWhitman’s Poetry Walt Whitman will remain as a well-known, superb poet. Clarence Brown stated, the words of someone speaking on Walt Whitman, â€Å"He is the only one of the conventionally recognized American poets who is worth reading† (37). Walt Whitman is a poet that writes with purpose. His poetry seems to attempt to teach the more desirable behavior and traits for Americans. It depicts the ideal American democrat, peace maker, and a well-rounded person, in general. Not that Walt Whitman is only about democracyRead MoreWalt Whitman s Life And Accomplishments1731 Words   |  7 PagesNikuze Mr. Taylor Walt Whitman December 3 2014 Walt Whitman Walt Whitman is an inspiration to many, one can not really understand America with out him. Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819. He had nine siblings including him, he was also the son of Walter Whitman who was a house builder and Louisa van veils or was his mother. They lived in Brooklyn and Long Island in the 1820s and the 1830s. When Whitman turned twelve years old heRead MoreWalt Whitmans Influences1597 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been many influential writers that left their own unique mark on American history; one in particular that has made a significant impact is Walt Whitman. His writing styles evoke different nontraditional methods that did not coincide with the traditions of more â€Å"mainstream† American writers. He did this by establishing a pattern that utilized a lot of free verse compared to the more natural rhyme of poems, and also by describing his subject with emphasis to make the story as real as possibleRead MoreEssay about Walt Whitman744 Words   |  3 Pages During the time period that Walter Whitman lived, there were many controversial things happening to the American people as a whole. One of the most strenuous upon society at the time was the Civil War. The Civil War created many problems in the lives of most Americans during this time period. This war also prompted, and inspired Walt to create many of his historical works of art. The war was raging in both the north and the south during Whitmans golden era of his writing. In the North, the economyRead MoreWalt Whitman s Life That Changed The Way Of Life1690 Words   |  7 Pages Corey Haldiman Goulette Research Paper Walt Whitman Walt used creativity, personal experiences and different ideas in his writing. He moved various times through his childhood, and that may have moved his personality to become slightly neurotic. He has done a lot of things in his life that has changed the way that future poets will write. Walt Whitman entered this world on May thirty-first, eighteen-nineteen in West Hills, New York. He was the second son among nine other children inRead MoreAnalysis Of Frances Willard And Walt Whitman Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesFrances Willard and Walt Whitman are two significant nineteenth century American figures. Although Willard and Whitman are famous for different reasons, they do have one characteristic in common: they have both been accused of being homosexuals. However, most people do not know this because it is not put in history textbooks or taught in the classroom, for good reason. Public school students should not learn about Willard and Whitman’s homosexuality through thei r textbooks and teachers because itRead More Essay on Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson970 Words   |  4 Pages Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson nbsp; In America’s history, there have been so many writers, but only few are known for changing the course of American literature.nbsp; Two writers that fit this description are Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman.nbsp; These two poets have different styles of writing but possess the same themes from the social environment that they are surrounded in.nbsp; The poetry reflects these poets’ personality and their own style of writing.nbsp; Whitman had an outgoing

Tom Regan’s Animal Rights, Human Wrongs Free Essays

Animal rights, or the establishment and the idea of them being official, have become an increasingly interesting controversy for quite some time. The topic seems to question the common morality and ethics of man, while simultaneously questioning practices that target humanity’s safety, luxury, and in some cases, survival. In such a debate, three articles come to mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Regan’s Animal Rights, Human Wrongs or any similar topic only for you Order Now The debating articles: â€Å"Cow VS Animal Rights†, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, and â€Å"Proud to be a Speciesist† all deliver a very strong argument to the topic, yet making it quite difficult to ignite a solid solution around the topic, being that each article is elaborate and thorough in arguing their point. In â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, the idea of animal rights is directly and thoroughly supported. Written by Tom Regan, the article presents a several cases of animal cruelty in a seemingly attempt to put the reader in a parallel perspective of each animal in attempt to cause the reader to feel sorry or some form of sympathy for each victim. Regan challenges the methods of hunting, industrial forming, and scientific practices on animals, and, using his pity-the-victim strategy, urges the realization of the rights of animals as a group that stands side by side with the humans in matters pertaining legal rights. In Stephen Rose’s article â€Å"Proud to be a Speciesist†, this thought is contradicted directly. Stephen Rose gives an entirely different perspective and idea on the matter of animal rights. In the article, Rose proposes a situation in which the rights, if any exist at all, of mosquitoes and other pests are violated once they’re exterminated by human choice. This situation provides a just argument, being that such pests are killed all the time, yet, if they were ever to attain such rights, concerns questioning their existence would arise and put a complicated spin on the basics of life itself. In â€Å"Cow VS Animal Rights Activist†, written by Linda Hasselstrom, a different view is exploited. The article retains a neutral perspective, being that the writer explains the uses of animals (primarily cows) but does not refrain from informing the reader of all the cow endures while under human use. Even so, Regan uses pathos while illustrating each animal’s demise to convince the reader to share the same view, or â€Å"ideal†, in the matters concerning animal rights. In each situation, he gives a victim, portraying each one as innocent and helpless, and then he gives the description of their death. He paints incredibly vivid pictures of the situation by elaborating on what would presumably be the last moments each animal experienced before their death. Rose, on the other hand, uses a weak form of egos in his writing. Arguing solely from his position as a researcher, Rose has dim credibility and most of his arguments are biased from the perspective of a researcher. This is made obvious when he tries to justify animal research by claiming that it has resulted in many cures for diseases human encounter today. Hasselstrom’s form of logos contributes to her argument in a seemingly complementary fashion. From her perspective, she simply states the pros and cons of ranching and hunting, as well uncover the hardships faced by ranchers that many activists seem to overlook. With all of these arguments at point, the matters of animal rights will remain a controversy as long as the morals and ethics of the common man play a part in its decision. How to cite Tom Regan’s Animal Rights, Human Wrongs, Essay examples

Career Episodes on Chemistry Sample

Career Episode 1 Introduction CE 1.1 This career episode 1 will provide a concentrated snapshot of the project Manufacture of Polymer Grade lactic Acid. I have completed this project as a student of Sinhgad College of engineering. This college is established under the affiliation of the Pune University. I have completed this project on May 2009 as a part of my chemical engineering course work. Chronology: May 2009 Physical Location: Pune, India Name of the Organization: Sinhgad College of Engineering, Sinhgad Technical Education Society Position held: Student Name of the Project: Manufacture of Polymer Grade Lactic Acid Background CE 1.2 In 1780, the Swedish chemist Scheele discovered the existence of the lactic acid. However,Charles E. Avery in Massachusetts, USA, produced it for the first time. Lactic acid is the widely producing carboxylic acid within the normal natural condition. Lactic acid is the simplest form of the hydroxyl acid. This acid contains one carbon atom that is asymmetric in nature. The naming convention of this acid has been influenced by milk. The main reason for this is that it was initially found in the milk. However, the scientific name of this acid is 2- hydroxpropanoic acid [16]. The compounds that can be derived from the lactic acid are substituted propionic acid materials. CE 1.2.1 The Physical Properties of the lactic acid During the course of the project, I have found many physical properties of the Lactic Acid. The physical properties what I have found during the project has been illustrated through the following tabulated format for the better understanding. Property of the Lactic Acid Value Chemical Formula C3H6O3 Chemical Abstracts Registration CAS.-Reg.-No. [79-33-4] Molecular Weight 90.08 Taste Mild Acidic Physical Appearance Aqueous Solution Melting Point 530 C/ 127 0 F Boling Point 2000 C / 3900 F Solubility in water(g/100 g H2O) Miscible Dissociation Constant, Ka 1.38 * 10^ -4 pKa 3.86 pH (0.1 N solution, 25oC) 2.4 pH (0.1% solution, 25oC) 2.9 Odor Slight acrid odor Specific Gravity 1.2 Stability Quite stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage CE 1.2.2 Chemical Properties Oxidation of the lactic acid provides the formation of the formic acid and the oxalic acid. The chemical reaction that completes the oxidation is : 5CH3CHOHCOOH + 4MnO4 - + 12H+ 5CH3COOH + 5CO2 + 4Mn2 + 11H2O The cerium reaction for the lactic acid is one of the most complicated. The reaction is: CH3 CHOHCOOH +CeIV CH CHOHCOOCeIV CH CHOH- +CO2 +CeIII The oxidation process can be completed using chromic acid. The oxidation process through using the chromic acid is as follows CH3 CHOHCOOH + H2 CrO4 CH3CHOCOOHCrO3 H CH3 COCOOH + H2 CrO3 CE 1.2.3 Corrosion The manufacturing of the lactic acid is not so easy. It develops many technical issues even in the case of handling. To handle the corrosion while manufacturing the lactic acid four groups of metals can be used. These four groups of metals can be classified into following way according to the metals resistance to corrosion by lactic acid. The groupings of the metals are as follows: Purely non noble metals that is soluble in the lactic acid through the evaluation of the hydrogen. Through I have found that there are some mental that develops a type of protective coating or corrosion products. Metals that creates reaction with the lactic acid in the presence of the oxygen. However, here I have found that the corrosion rate is completely depends on the rate oxygen reaches the surface of the metal. Passive metals, the nature of this metal is that it can initiate and perform the corrosion in the presence of the air. I found that the nature of passivity develops due to the presence or the formation of the protective layer. Due to this nature, the acid can be break up in passive formation. Metals that are not corroded by the lactic acid. CE 1.2.4 Optical Activity The optical nature of the compound is said to be optically active when it can rotates the plane of the polarized light. The formula that can given the optical activity is 2n2 . In this formula the n denotes the total number of asymmetric carbon atoms present within the compound. I found that the Lactic acid contains only one asymmetric carbon atom. Therefore, according to the formula cited in the first paragraphs I found that the optical activity of lactic acid is 2. The following figure will illustrate the optical activity of the lactic acid. CE 1.3 Use of the Lactic Acid This acid is one of the most widely used acids in the daily life. I found that this acid is most widely used in vegetables as an acidilant and in leather industry to tan the leather. However, the textile and the food industry have used the lower grade lactic acid with the inorganic acid. Other than these, the lactic acid has been used in the many small-scale areas to maintain the pH balance of the materials like cellophanes hardening baths, solder flux, electropolishing and electroplating baths. Other than these sectors, the detergent manufacturing companies use this acid very frequently. I found wide use of this acid has been used widely in the cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industries. It has been used in the development of the lotions, ointments that are topical in nature, anti acne solutions and in the dialysis applications. This acid in the form of calcium lactate has been used to treat the calcium deficiency in the human body. I found that this acid has been used by the polymer industries to develop the biodegradable thermoplastic. I found that the byproduct of the lactic acid methyl lactate is also used very highly by the pharmaceutical industries. The medical professionals to treat different diseases have used the purest quality lactic acid. CE 1.4 Manufacturing through the Chemical Synthesis The lactic acid can be manufactured through two processes. Among them, the most popular is the manufacturing through the chemical synthesis. The commercial sector runs the chemical synthesis based on lactonitrile. The chemical reaction happens in the liquid pressure at higher atmospheric pressures. The process of the chemical reaction follows the following sequential reactions. Hydrogen Cyanide addition: CH3CHO + HCH catalyst CH3CHOHCN In this reaction, the acetaldehyde through the reaction with the hydrogen cyanide in the presence of the proper catalyst develops the lactonitrile. Hydrolysis through H2SO4 CH3CHOHCH + H2O + H2SO4 - CH3CHOHCOOH + (NH4)2SO4 In this chemical reaction, the lactonitrile reacting with the sulphuric acid develops the lactic acid and as a byproduct of this chemical reaction ammonium salt develops. The Esterification CH3CHOHCOOH + CH3OH - CH3CHOHCOOCH3 + H2O In this chemical reaction, the lactic acid reacting with the methanol develops the methyl lactate and as a byproduct, it develops water. H2O Hydrolysis CH3CHOHCOOCH3 + H2O - CH3CHOHCOOH + CH3OH In this reaction, the methyl lactate reacting with the water develops the lactic acid and the methanol. While studying on the manufacturing of the lactic acid through chemical synthesis I found that the only two companies are using this method to produce the lactic acid. Those two companies are Sterling Chemicals Inc. of United States Of America and the Musashino of Japan. However, I found that there is another way to manufacture lactic acid. This is through the catalyzed degradation of sugar, reaction of acetaldehyde, oxidation of propylene glycol, water and carbon monoxide. CE 1.5 Manufacturing of Lactic Acid through Carbohydrate Fermentation The manufacturing of the lactic acid can be done through the carbohydrate fermentation. The manufacturing of the lactic acid depends on the strain used while the chemical reaction has ben conducted. I found that the manufacturing of the lactic acid through the carbohydrate fermentation follows the following steps. Neutralization and Fermentation C6H12O6 + Ca (OH)2 ----fermentation 2(CH3CHOHCOO)Ca2+ + 2H2O In this reaction, the carbohydrate through the calcium hydroxide develops the calcium lactate and water as the byproduct. Hydrolysis through H2SO4 2(CH3CHOHCOO)Ca2+ + H2SO4 - 2CH3CHOHCOOH + CaSO4 In this reaction, the calcium lactate through the hydrolysis with the H2SO4 develops the lactic acid and the calcium sulphate as a byproduct of the hydrolysis. The Esterrification CH3CHOHCOOH + CH3OH CH3CHOHCOOCH3 + H2O In this reaction the lactic acid through the esterification produces the menthol and the methyl lactate. Hydrolysis through H2O CH3CHOHCOOCH3 + H2O CH3CHOHCOOH + CH3OH In this hydrolysis through the water the methyl lactate turns in to the lactic acid and as a byproduct of this hydrolysis methanol comes out. CE 1.6 Manufacturing process While I was working on the project I found that, the commercial production processes follows a few very specific process. The production process follows the following steps Crude lactic acid preparation Esterification through trickle phase continuous counter current method Esterification through trickle phase continuous counter current method through hydroquinone stabilizer Esterification through trickle phase continuous counter current method through the doping of known impurities in the feed of lactic acid Highly pure methyl lactate isolation Highly pure S-(-)-methyl lactate hydrolysis to extract the highly pure L-(+)- lactic acid CE 1.7 Reactors used for the manufacturing of the Lactic Acid To produce the polymer grade lactic acid commercially I found that two types of fluid-fluid reactors were used. One is column or tower reactors and the other one is the tank reactors. CE 1.8 Required Materials and Energy Balance The following list will provide the list for the required material and the required energy balance. Required Output: 3500 TPA (Tons per annum) of 90 wt.% L(+) lactic acid. Plant Running: 24 hours for 300 days in a year. Module basis required output:111 mols/hr of L (+) Lactic Acid and 2700.617 mols/hr of water. Summary CE 1.9 Throughout this career episode, I have found the various aspects of the lactic acid usage and the production process of it. I found that the lactic acid can be produced in two ways and I have learnt both the ways. However, I found that while the production of the lactic acid goes into the commercialization the process and the complexity of the manufacturing becomes complex. Career Episode 2 Introduction CE 2.1 In this career episode, I have developed biodiesel using the algae as a source. I have done this project through taking the sole responsibility. I have done this project as a student of the Sinhgad College of Engineering. This college is established under the affiliation of the Pune University. This project was very much require to complete my course. Chronology: Physical Location: Pune, India Name of the Organization: Sinhgad College of Engineering, Sinhgad Technical Education Society Position held: Student Name of the Project: Biodiesel from Algae Background CE 2.2 The growing trend of the global warming and the decreasing resource of the conventional energy have boosted the trend of the development of the alternative fuel. In the alternative fuel development, the biodiesel is leading the path. I have found that in recent time the most of the renewable energy companies are trying to develop the sustainable biodiesel from the sugarcane and from the oil crops. The raw development procedure what I have found while working in this project is that the biodiesel is coming through the carbohydrates conversion within the plants. The biodiesel family has been illustrated through the following figure. I found that the most of the developed and the emerging nations are trying to promote the use and the production of the biodiesel to reduce the use of the conventional fuel. The countries like the USA are promoting the use of biodiesel very aggressively. The International energy agency and the European union have taken a initiative to increase the use of biodiesel in the commercial segment up to 6% within a five year period. The emerging economies like the India and China are promoting the research and development of the biodiesel to draw the trading advantage. Therefore, I have experienced that the future of biodiesel as a non-conventional fuel in the global market is very much bright. CE 2.3 The advantage of the biodiesel Biodiesel as a commercial product is having a very bright future. However, the other advantages for the development of the biodiesel are: The source of the biodiesel is in the CO2 combustion cycle The biodiesel can be obtained from the commonly available biomass very easily The sustainability of the biodiesel is very much higher than the other renewable resources The use and the development of the biodiesel are very much advantageous for the nations economy also. On this context I have seen that if the EU remains to reduce the spending by 6% in the conventional energy resources they will remain able to save a lots of spending and that will strengthen the EUs economy. CE 2.4 Microalgae biofuel The photosynthetic microalgae are the special kind of microorganism that converts sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into the algal biomass. I have seen that these kind of algal are the source of rich oil. The oil resource from these algal can be a source of the commercial interest for the stakeholders of the biodiesel project in the future times. The entire development cycle of the energy through the microalgae has been illustrated through the figure. The algal bio mass has been produced through the cultivation of the microalgae. During the bio mass production, the external nutrients have been added to increase the growth of the algal. Once the bio mass recovery is done then the bio mass has been extracted from the recovered biomass for the energy production. After this process through the animal feed and the other process the required resource has been obtained. Then from this resource, the bio energy has been developed through the biogas. CE 2.5 Biomass algae properties Algae is the most diverse atmospheric organism. The formation of the algae has been ranged from the unicellular to the multi-cellular. I have learnt that through the different journals and the books that in present time almost 30,000 different algae are present. Among this 30,000 different species 10,000 different resources are found within the marine water. However, I have learnt that the most effective algae are those algae that have the chloroplasts and membrane. The other thing, what I have found that the algae can be found in various different formats. The format ranges from the land plant to the sea plants. All the algae produce the oxygen and other byproducts. CE 2.6 Algae Habitat I have found that the algae are the most robust organisms available in the earth. The main reason for the higher number of species is that it can survive under any natural circumstances. However, I have found that the most favorable birthplace for the algae is the wet and damp place. It has been found that the terrestrial and the tropical algae are not that much effective for the production of the biodiesel than the algae produced in the wet and damp place. The other thing what I have found while working with this project is algae can grow in any part of the world starting from the deepest point of the sea to the driest land on the earth. CE 2.7 Composition of Algae I found that the most of the algae are made of the eukaryotic cells. The differential features of this cell are that it is organelles but contain the nuclei. The composition of the algae differs from the composition of the proteins, carbohydrates and the different types of chlorophyll. I have learnt that the some of the algae can only have chlorophyll. The following table will illustrate the composition of the different kind of algae strains. Strain Protein Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acid Scenedesmus quadricauda 47 - 1.9 - Scenedesmus obliquus 50-56 10-17 12-14 3-6 Chlamydomonas rheinhardii 48 17 21 - Scenedesmus dimorphus 8-18 21-52 16-40 - Chlorella vulgaris 51-58 12-17 14-22 4-5 Spirogyra sp. 6-20 33-54 11-21 - Chlorella pyrenoidosa 57 26 2 - Dunaliella bioculata 49 4 8 - Euglena gracilis 39-61 14-18 14-20 - Dunaliella salina 57 32 6 - Prymnesium parvum 28-45 25-33 22-18 1-2 Porphyridium cruentum 28-39 40-57 9-14 - Tetraselmis maculata 52 15 3 - Spirulina platensis 46-63 8-14 4-9 2-5 Synechoccus sp. 63 15 11 5 Spirulina maxima 60-71 13-16 6-7 3-4.5 Anabaena cylindrica 43-56 25-30 4-7 - CE 2.8 The main reason for selecting the Algae (Microalgae) Before the staring of the project, I have looked after about the other resources for the development of the biodiesel. However, through considering four aspects I found that the algae are the best source for the development of the biodiesel. The key four aspects that I have taken under consideration are: Climate change factor Security of the energy Synergy between the algae and the coal Aquatic biomass v/s the terrestrial biomass Carbon dioxide is believed to be the most harmful pollutant for the natural environment. I found that the emergence of the green house effect has increased the environmental pollution. Due to these environmental conditions, the algae will be the most attractive resource for the biodiesel. Moreover, the algae development will reduce the effect of the carbon dioxide. The energy security is a very large concern for the current world. The coal and the petroleum are going to be a scary resource for the energy sector in coming day. Therefore, the energy production through the algae is going to be the best option. The other reason for the selection of the algae is that it produces rich quality oil that have a good commercial prospect. The energy production through the coal and the fossils emits carbon dioxide. However, the algae have the ability to offset the harmful effect of the emitted carbon dioxide. I have seen that the most of the algae develops in the aquatic environment. The most of the industries have acquired the available land. Therefore, if the energy development through the algae is possible then it will create a synergy between the aquatic biomass and the terrestrial biomass. CE 2.8 Algae production system I have found that the algae can be a good prospect for the agricultural activity. On the production, I have found that the biomass can be produced through two ways. One is the open system through the race away ponds and the other one is through the closed systems. In closed system the biomass production is done through the photo bioreactors. The structure of the race away pond generally follows the following structure. In the closed system, it needs to be use different types of photo bioreactors. The most commonly used reactors I found are the flat plate photo bioreactors, tabular photo bioreactors, vertical column photo bioreactors and internally illuminated photo bioreactors. Summary CE 2.9 Throughout this project I have learnt that the biodiesel has a wider scope of commercial success. Moreover, it the main bright aspect is that the most of the developed and the developing nations are considering this fuel as a boost to the economy. The other thing what I have learnt is that algae is the safest and the most sustainable resource for the development of the biodiesel because of it sustainability in the different climatic conditions. Career Episode 3 CE 3.1 This career episode 3 demonstrates my understanding about the hydrodynamics through the project A study of hydrodynamics in Bubble column reactors. I have done this project through sole responsibility. I have completed this project as a part of my academic requirement. I have conducted this project in my college, which is STESS Sinhgad College of Engineering. This college is affiliated under the Pune University. Chronology:April 2008 Physical Location:Pune, India Name of the Organization: Sinhgad College of Engineering, Sinhgad Technical Education Society Position held: Student Name of the Project: A study of Hydrodynamics in bubble column reactors Background CE 3.2 The main concept of the bubble column is that in this column the discontinuous gas phase bubble gradually becomes continuous. The bubble column is the general multiphase reactors. It contains three main categories one is the trickle bed reactor this can be fixed or packed bed, the other one is the fluidized bed reactor and the third one is the bubble column reactor. CE 3.3 Application of the Bubble Column Reactor I have found that the application of the bubble column reactor in many areas. However, the most important areas where I have found the bubble column reactor has used very widely are: In the production of the synthetic fuel through the conversion of gas In the biochemical process Coal liquefaction process through the Fischer Tropsch process Environment friendly synthetic oil production system usages this kind of reactors In the synthesis of the methanol Air oxidation and oxidation of the inorganic compounds In industry, the most commonly used bubble columns is the vertically sparged bubble column reactors. In industry, it is used for the chemical process like the Fischer tropsch synthesis, liquefaction of the coal etc. CE 3.4 The advantage of using the bubble column reactor The main advantages what I have found in using the bubble column reactor are : Lesser complexity due to the absence of the moving parts Lesser effort in the maintenance Higher heat transfer rate is possible through this reactor The installation cost is much lower than the other reactors. The main reason behind this is that it occupies lesser amount of space. Higher durability The pace of the reaction can be controlled very easily in this reactor. These are the main advantages what I have found while looked for the popularity of this reactor in the industry sector. CE 3.5 The major disadvantage of the bubble column reactor The major disadvantage what I have found in using these kinds of reactor are the chances of higher-pressure drop and the coalescence. CE 3.6 The main characteristic of the Bubble column reactor The main characteristics of the bubble column reactor are: Flow Regimes, it is the heterogeneous flow regime. This flow is achieved at the low superficial gas velocities. The velocity of the gas remains lesser than the 5 cmfs in the semi batched columns. The other characteristic of the bubble column reactors is the gas hold up. The gas hold up defines the volume fraction of the gas phase that is occupied by the gas bubbles. While working in this project I have found that the gas holdup plays a very important role in the bubble column reactor. CE 3.7 Mass Transfer and the Heat Transfer The mass transfer refers to the liquid side mass transfer. The entire transfer rate is controlled and maintained by the liquid side mass transfer coefficient. I found that the difference in the coefficient generally occurs due to the variations in the interfacial area. I found that most of the journals and the books highly concentrate in the estimation of the mass transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is related with the endothermic heat supply and the exothermic heat operation. In this content I found that the most important part is the transfer of heat from the walls of the reactor and the inside coils that is directly connected with the liquid. I have found that the heat transfer rate in the case of the gas-liquid bubble column has been recorded approximately 100 times higher than the single phased flow. Summary CE 3.8 This project has enabled me to understand the various aspects of the bubble column reactors. Through the study, I also found the important relationship between the various coefficients of the bubble column reactors. Throughout this study, I have understood the main reasons for the use of the bubble column reactor in the most of the industrial sector. However, I also found that the some sort of limitations of the usage of the bubble column reactor in the industry sector. Though it has been seen that if the instrument is used in the controlled manner it can provide much better result than the other reactors.

The Accomplishments of Cardinal Richelieu Essay Example For Students

The Accomplishments of Cardinal Richelieu Essay Up until the mid 17th century, it was evident that France was by no means a major player in the field of European affairs. Spain was still the most powerful state as it held a dominant monopoly over European commerce and economics. However, by 1648, this power would shift, and France would come into its own in terms of political and economic influence. The transfer of power was aided by a weakening of the Spanish Empire, along with the establishment of an increasingly strong French state. This establishment of France would begin to occur prior to the religious wars, and would be spearheaded by a strengthening of the centralized government through the development of royal absolutism. The most significant contributor to this movement was Cardinal Armand du Plessis de Richelieu, political advisor to the king, Louis XIII, and head of the French Roman Catholic Church. The Cardinals capable leadership, ambition and strong will fortified Frances move from a second rate country to a European powerhouse. During his reign as first minister, Richelieu would accomplish numerous tasks, and establish himself as a symbol of power and leadership in France. Born in Paris in 1585, Armand du Plessis de Richelieu is considered by many to have been the most important single figure in the building of French absolutism . Despite his role in distinguishing France on the European map, some of the Cardinals greatest personal accomplishments lie before his reign as first minister. To best understand these accomplishments, in particular how a middle ranking ecclesiast of little influence would become the most successful of the Kings political advisors, it is best to look into his personal background. Probably the Cardinals greatest assets in his rise to the top were his strong ambition and will. These characteristics can be traced back to his father, Francois Richelieu, whose own ambition and military accomplishment helped gain him the reigning Kings, Henry III, favor. This rise in favor, along with the establishment of important family connections, would allow Francois to tap into royal ecclesiastical patronage . Armand eventually benefited from this by gaining the title of Bishop of Lucon. Unfortunately, before Richelieus father could create any form of financial establishment, he died, and left the family in debt. However, the message he left his sons, in particular Armand, was not one of failure, but rather one of what could be accomplished when one was willing and ambitious. This attitude would set the stage for the son of Richelieu, who would use his religious status as bishop and educated background along with some important family connections to help pull his way to the top. It took Richelieu a full decade to accumulate the title of Cardinal and he would suffer a number of political setbacks along the way. But, by the year 1624, Richelieu had gained entrance into the kings council, and soon after became the kings personal advisor. His decade long assent prov ided him with the education needed to maintain an 18 year reign (until his death in 1642) which would see the beginnings of French dominance in Europe. Although King Louis XIII and Richelieu would eventually work together to create a politically dominant France, it is important to note that their relationship was not always as such. Prior to his roles as political advisor and Cardinal, Richelieu entered the queen mothers court by becoming the secretary of state during her regency. At this point, Richelieu would suffer a major upset in his political assent when Louis overthrew his mothers court and took political control of France in 1617 . Affiliation with the Queen Mothers court and suspected implication in attempted rebellions against Louis kept the future Cardinal in exile for a number of years. However, the Queen Mother and her son would eventually come to a temporary peace settlement, and when she was reinstated, so was Richelieu. More importantly, as advisor to the Queen Mothe r, Richelieu had shown a political shrewdness and wisdom that had gained Louis favor . The king was willing to overlook Richelieus earlier associations and an overbearing administrative style that he had once likened to tyranny, and appointed him to council in 1624. The Cardinal soon became the kings advisor through his ability to provide help in relation to conflicting religious and secular interests and his display of able political decisions. Although the king had provided the Richelieu with much political influence, he still had strong personal notions of where he wanted his state to go, and the characteristics of his advisors. Part of the Cardinals success was due to his ability to conform to the kings ideas, and at the same time execute a strong influence over council. The resulting relationship entailed a respect of Richelieus political ability by the King, and a respect of the Kings authority by Richelieu. The result of this dual respect was the ability of Richelieu to stay in power, and be able to influence the shaping of France into a dominant European state.Even before he had become first minister, Richelieu recognized the need for change in the governing of French affairs. He would portrayed his views in a speech to the queen mothers court in 1616 , his first public address, during which he outlined the weaknesses of the present-day structure of government. Once he had become first minister, Richelieu set out to eliminate these weaknesses in order to create a more stable French state. One of Richelieus main objectives to allow for a fortification of Frances European position lay in a strengthening of the countrys internal political structure through the establishment of an absolutist monarchy. Richelieu saw three main ways to fully and successfully establish this ideal monarchy; to deal with any threat of Religious conflict; to humble the great men , that is, reduce noble power; and to bring the subjects to their duty, which meant full loyalty to t heir ruler, King Louis XIII.Richelieus first issue, to deal with Religious conflict or threat, was focused mainly on the Huguenots. The Huguenots of France were a group that had benefited substantially from the Edict of Nantes signed in 1598 as it permitted them both political influence and military presence. Richelieu saw both of these privileges as a direct threat to the crown since they conflicted directly with the ideology behind his absolute monarchy. Not only this, but he foresaw in this political and military power the means and makings of a revolt, especially should the Huguenots gain foreign support. Revolt would eventually occur as the Huguenots, aided by the British, rebelled against the French crown in the city of La Rochelle . Richelieu quickly crushed the rebellion and stripped the Huguenots of all political and military power through the signing of the Edict of Alais in 1629 . It is important to note however, that Richelieu did not persecute the Huguenots for religiou s belief despite his position as Cardinal of the French Catholic Church. This religious lenience reflects the Cardinals priorities of state in his search for political stability, something which religious dispute and conflict had shown to disrupt in the past.Richelieu also focused his attention on the types of people who were to fill ecclesiastic roles, especially the high church officials. It had been made obvious to Richelieu through past example, that the scandalous and flamboyant lives often lead by these church officials did little else than annoy the common public and thus endanger the stability of the state. Richelieu aimed to fill the church hierarchy with persons of both merit and commendable habits . This would not only cleanse the churchs image, but allow Richelieu to strategically place allies and supporters within the church hierarchy. The Cardinal employed this same strategy to gain supportive factions in both the military and civil offices.Richelieus second focus area was the aristocrats, a class which he saw as an important organ of the state capable of contributing much to its preservation and stability. This recognition of aristocratic importance, however, did not override the Cardinals ambitions for absolute monarchy, and he placed the affairs and powers of state far above those of the nobles. In short, the Cardinal recognized the need to limit the aristocratic domain, and impose upon it royal law and order. It had become obvious to the Cardinal, that a lack of enforcement of centralized power, on the part of the French government, had allowed the French nobles to develop a sense of defiance towards the crown. Some of the major land-holding aristocrats had grown particularly powerful and independent. This resulted in a lack of loyalty towards the crown as many nobles felt that their position placed them above the status of royal subjects. Richelieu would come down hard on the nobility through a restriction of their rights, and independence. By implementing the spy system, Richelieu effectively crushed any conspiracies and thereby eliminated any major internal threat to the king. The rigidity and severity of the Cardinals methods were quite evident, as portrayed in the punishment of Seigneur Bouteville, who was executed for fighting a simple duel on the Place Royal . This restriction of dueling would become one of the Cardinals target areas since it was a show of noble military presence, no matter how seemingly insignificant. The end result of this and other restrictions placed on the nobles was an enforcement of state dominance through example. It wasnt long, however, before the nobles took up arms to defend their decreasing independence and began revolting. One such revolt occurred at Laguedoc, in 1632, under the leadership of the politically influential Duke of Montmorency . Richelieu responded to this and other conflicts by defeating the rebels, using the Kings forces, and executing the participants. Through this th orough and methodical defeat of the aristocracy, the Cardinal effectively established King Louis as the sole symbol of power in France.The other major group that Richelieu wished to reform was what he referred to as the third order of the realm . This third order was composed of three groups: the judiciary, the finance officers, and the common people. Richelieus goal in the reformation of these groups was to clearly define their roles as subjects of the king, and thus further enforce kingly power over all affairs and aspects of the state.When it came to the judiciary and finance officers, Richelieu attempted to dispell their perceived corruption through a strategic placement of allies who displayed more merit in office. Again, to forcefully establish crown dominance in the state, Richelieu would employ the use of state officials. The officials effectively carried out their role of executing government orders within the state, and using force to deal with any attempt to refuse them. The result was a successful enforcement of kingly authority over the states provinces and kings subjects; the commoners. In an attempt to set an example for the role of these commoners Richilieu discouraged their education. The cardinal explained that one would find little obedience and an excess of pride and presumption in a country made up entirely of educated people. Richelieu would instead encourage the kings subjects to take a greater interest in the military rather than the luxuries of education. This definition of the subjects roles displayed the Cardinals further ambition of military strength and French expansion in Europe. It is usually assumed that just as Richelieu had a clear plan to create an absolute monarchy in France, he wished to expand French power abroad . At the time, one of the best ways to expand a countrys influence in Europe was to establish a strong navy. This would become one of the Cardinals focus areas as he sought to create a fleet of ships capable of tr ansporting goods, and providing adequate protection in the process. The result was a strengthening of the countrys economic and political status through increased trade of French and foreign goods. To fortify French presence to a greater extent, Richelieu showed his support of the arts and education by founding the French Academy . The country would greatly increase its output of art and writings and eventually establish itself as cultural model for the rest of Europe. Another method that allowed the Cardinal to strengthen Frances position in Europe was through a fortification of the military. This proved to be extremely useful during the course of the ensuing religious wars which would see France come out victorious over a declining Spanish empire.From a middle ranking and uninfluential bishop, to the man who molded France into a European powerhouse, Armand du Plessis de Richelieu achieved a number of accomplishments on a number of levels during the course of his life. The Cardinal not only established himself politically, but stabilized the French state through absolute monarchy, and introduced to Europe a new dominant France. Perhaps one of the only failures lay in his inability to stabilize the French Economy, which would spiral upward during his reign, and ultimately become the countrys downfall in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Despite this, it is clearly the political ability, ambition and will of Cardinal Richelieu that would allow him to mold France into a political and cultural model for the rest of Europe and earn him the respect of historians and contemporaries as a true man of destiny . .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 , .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .postImageUrl , .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 , .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:hover , .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:visited , .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:active { border:0!important; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:active , .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9 .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5180fd23fe88aa8c6603eba4e88a63f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wffrfrg Essay We will write a custom essay on The Accomplishments of Cardinal Richelieu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Twilight Zone Essays - Mona, Free Essays, Term Papers

Twilight Zone Essays - Mona, Free Essays, Term Papers Twilight Zone Enter sounds of the Twilight Zone Mona: waving the multicolored flashlight. Our setting is a very boring planet in the middle of two points in the galaxy. This planet is doomed for destruction by the Galactic Hyperspace Planning Council to make way for a hyperspatial express route that will run through our star system. This is a special report from The United Relocation Committee in the hopes of preparing the majority of the population for the inevitable move to Earth. This report is designed to help with synthesizing our Altarian culture to that of the Earth. Earth, as you all know, is the best chance for creating homeostatic environment between two cultures, one of which is ours since theirs is considered Mostly Harmless by some standards. We, as intelligent being on our planet, must learn to live by a few of these new social rules that Earth calls ethics*.(*said with a bit of an accent) We have set up a program so that you may learn Earth customs and ethics* along with our most veteran space explorer, Lieutenant Dodge de Neon, as he investigates Earth. The countries that were selected were not at random. It is quite simple really, The United Relocation Committee chose countries that are believed to be the purposed accepting end of about 55.6% of all archaic signals that have, for some unknown reason, been noticeable for twenty-three minutes on a few old broadcasting channels that are still used to check for intelligent life on other planets. The countries that have sent most of the broadcasting are believed not to need such necessary visits as those on the receiving end because all these special broadcasts will be aired every day between eight and ten d.m. in the hopes of teaching everyone all about these countries with least amount of Altarian tax dollars being spent. Focus in on the small car arriving in country a. Here is our spatial habitual machine carrying Lieutenant de Neon to Earth. The first country on our list is Pakistan. Oh, dear. The lieutenant is coming in too fast!!!! Here on our screens in the studio I see that it is predicted that the Habitual machine will hit that big round object hovering over the building The balloon pops and confetti flies. And the habitual machine does as it comes to a complete stop. Norrenna comes out, throws open the rug, reaches behind her and turns the car into another gear and pretends to make Islamic prayer out loud. Brauer comes up to Norrenna and tries to speak with her explaining his apology. Norrenna: Allah Hu ackbar, Allah hu ackbar. Brauer: Sorry that I caused such an accident. Norrenna: As-Saalam Eid Mubarak Brauer. Teach me some of your lanuage please. Norrenna: Bis-millah-heer-rah-mah-neer-rah-heem Brauer: Bis-millah-heer-rah-mah-neer-rah-heem Norrenna: Hama-abne-sad-lejeelow. Norrenna gives rug to Brauer. As they do this Norrenna places the small souvenir in the rocket. And Brauer maneuvers the car up the ferry. Mona: I hope all of you learned something. That was a religious prayer performed by almost of the Earths population today because of the religious holiday Eidul-ad-haa, or Festival of Sacrifice after two months and 10 days of the pilgrimage: Hajj.. Hama-abne-sad-lejeelow is Urdu for: take this with you. Urdu is the native language of Pakistan. And here the spatial habitual machine is coming to its next stop, Italy, the country that is next on the list. The vehicle comes off the ferry and runs by the vines pulling some down with the magnet. Dominik comes out and excited. Dominik: wow, you picked grapes. The first person to pick grapes becomes the host for the Cupra Montana Grape Festival, one of the most famous in the region. The occurs on the first Sunday of October. You may keep the grapes so that you can eat on your journey. (translate into Italian if at all possible.) Brauer: thank you for your cooperation. Good it is not vine though, as I do not like it (say with monotone German accent) Mona: and the translation for all of that is (say in English) And as the Spatial Habitat continues on its way north it arrives in the last designated country, Spain. As the machine comes to a landing on this really big green thing we must prepare for a good run. Oh, wait there are people on the big green thing. The machine will try to slow down now to lower the risk of

Basic Greetings in English for Beginners

Basic Greetings in English for Beginners This is a simple exercise to get students communicating with basic greetings. Notice in the second part of the activity that you can use this opportunity to recycle spelling, object, and job vocabulary. Teacher: Hello, How are you? Hi, Im fine. - Hi, How are you? Hello, Im OK. - Hi, How are you? Hi, Im well. (Model the question to the students. You can make gestures such as the thumbs up sign, etc. as well as strong facial gestures to help students understand the differences.) Teacher: Susan, hi, how are you? Student(s): Hi, Im fine. Teacher: Susan, ask Paolo a question. Student(s): Hi Paolo, How are you? Student(s): Hello, Im well. Continue this exercise around the class. Part II: Goodbye Teacher: Hello Ken, how are you? Hello, Im fine. - What is this? Thats a book - B - O - O - K. - What are you? Im a teacher - T - E - A - C - H - E -R. - Goodbye. Goodbye. (Model this dialogue physically, you may want to model this exercise a few times as it will demand a number of skills from the students.) Teacher: Hello Paolo, how are you? Student(s): Hi, Im fine. Teacher: What is this?. Student(s): That is a pencil - P - E - N - C - I - L. Teacher: What are you? Student(s): Im a pilot - P - I - L - O - T. Teacher: Goodbye, Paolo. Student(s): Goodbye. Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. If a student makes a mistake, touch your ear to signal that the student should listen and then repeat his/her answer accenting what the student should have said.

A Conversation Analysis from the film Babel Essay

A Conversation Analysis from the film Babel - Essay Example A film has a series of short stories that do not have conclusive endings. It is important to note that a convenient plot holds the shots in different places together. The intriguing plot of the movie depicts a series of much-unconnected stories of different persons and societies all over the world. In this film, communication and lack of it form the basis for my research on conversation analysis. In the movie, an American female tourist is mysteriously shot and wounded while on tour in the desert of Morocco. The two tourists, Richard and Susan argue bitterly following lose of their beloved son. Ironically, the shooter remains a puzzle and sets the impetus for a series of short stories that in the end make the plot of the whole film. This touches on the aspects of how different world languages, different societies, and cultures vary. In the film, different languages are spoken by different characters altogether. While her husband is trying to save her in the middle of a desert, their nanny in Mexico takes the couple’s children to a wedding. In another part of the movie, a 16 year-old adolescent girl, who also happens to be deaf looks for somebody to break her virginity. She does this in her quest to be understood the way she wants. The unending communication barriers brought about by different linguistic backgrounds is a theme of great relevance to conversation analysis.... Sacks et al defines turn taking as one party talking at a time. There is a minimization of gaps and silences too that enhance the feature of turn taking. He continues to argue that there is formulated system that makes these two techniques possible. In this case, one party speaks independently at a time hence minimizing the gaps and silences. Sacks et al. continues to state that a turn-construction unit (TCU) is the basic unit of a turn. (Brown, 2007, p. 224) argues that oral language and discourse is marked by exchanges. In this case, few sentences spoken by one participant are followed and built upon by sentences spoken by another. Whenever turn-constructional unit unfolds, a possible completion point is achieved. The possible completion point is considered as the transition point for any speaker. The waiter utilizes turn-constructional unit in the conversation below. 01 A waiter brings a plate and some cutlery 02 Waiter: (In broken English)) ^You want to order? --- Sentential TCU In line 02 above, the waiter in the restaurant initializes the conversation by asking a question. The arrow and the question mark indicate this. These two symbols tell us that in order for the conversation to move to the next level, an appropriate response must be given. In spite of talking probably in broken English, both Richard and Susan are able to get the conversation going by appropriately answering to his initial question. The sentential TCU provides the transition point for the next prudent conversation. 03. (0.9) 04 Richard: A:: yah’ll have thee um::chicken Co::usco::us (0.1)>and a 05Cokedoesn’t have fat in it

Professional Communication Phase 5 DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Communication Phase 5 DB - Essay Example vice based model, company executives have decided to use a slightly different business model for the release of SmartFit 2.0 which is tailored toward the general membership of the partner fitness club. SmartFit 2.0 also delivered via a wireless device, will bring a suite of entertainment features to the user in addition to the performance tracking. Users of SmartFit 2.0 will be able to listen to streaming music from the Universal Music catalog, audio books, and pre-recorded fitness routines created by the leading Personal Trainers in North America. At the release of the client version, the beta testers (a focus group of selected clients at a partner facility) suggested to offer a three-month free promotion for all new signed up members to any partner facility as a part of our marketing strategy. New members would thereby benefit of the promotion for ninety days followed by an increase in membership fees to reflect the inclusion of SmartFit 2.0 in the monthly membership fee. For current members willing to upgrade to this new level of membership, we would offer one month free and a 10 percent discount on the new membership fee for a period of twelve months. Our company executives believe that in offering this promotion, we are positioning SmartFit 2.0 to be as much of a success as the Personal training version. The pricing strategy has been studied carefully during the development of the platform, and extensively compared with similar client applications in the local and national market. For answering to the diverse demographics that exits at fitness facilities, our managers decided on using a service pricing model, as well as a per-use model. The service fee model described earlier is designed for the first adopters of the technology and those who can benefit from it by becoming a new member at a partner facility. The per-use service model is made to allow people who may decide to use the wireless features of SmartFit 2.0 in a less regular fashion. The

Scool Uniforms Essay Example for Free

Scool Uniforms Essay School uniforms help improve students behavior in class because they are more focused and feel like they belong. For example students who wear uniforms will have better self-esteem. As stated â€Å"uniforms do eliminate competition, pressure and assaults perpetrated by older kids on younger students for their sneakers and possessions. They also help some students focus better In class† (Daniels 1). If lesser students are being picked on because of their clothes more students will have a lot of confidence with their classes. With uniforms students will feel like they belong in class. Also it is proven that less students drop out of school. To illustrate â€Å" a study was released by the Harvard school of education research found that the Long Beach school district ,among six districts in the nations, 34 largest cities dramatically reduced their dropout rate†(Thompson 16). Given this fact lesser students will drop out of school. Thus proving that uniforms help students feel welcome in school. Lastly uniforms prepare students to learn. As stated â€Å"poise and students are more well behave when they are being dressed for the occasion of learning â€Å" (Pros vs. Cons) . Students are dressed for success. Even though some students don’t like the policy of uniforms they still are ready to be successful. Therefore not only do uniforms help improve students behavior in class but also reduce school violence. School uniforms reduce school violence because everybody wears the same clothes. For example uniforms make school a safer environment. Specifically â€Å"can play a significant role in reducing security threats and improving school safety†(Jeffery 42). Uniforms reduce security threats because fewer students are wearing gang affiliated clothes. With no gangs in schools there will be less violence. Also school uniforms go far beyond keeping students safe. As stated â€Å"schools with uniforms say that their students have better self-esteem because without the name clothing on display the students are placed on an equal level†(Terry 9). Not only do uniforms keep students safe but bring students together. When students are together as one they make the school a better place. Lastly most students are judged on their clothes and competition. As stated â€Å"uniforms do eliminate competition, pressure† (tom 43) this allows students to focus better. The school would be a better place because the students wouldn’t have to compete to see who has better clothes. Not only do school uniforms make the school a safer environment but they also help families the cost and time of buying clothes. School uniforms help students achieve success by not having families pay for clothes and save time looking for the latest brands. For example school uniforms would benefit parents cost wise. As stated â€Å"school uniforms would save parents money, the upfront cost of a uniform would be much less than a new wardrobe of the new coolest styles. (Teen Problems). Parents who are not doing well with money wouldn’t have to pay that much for the cost of uniforms. If parents were to buy uniforms they would save money and wouldn’t have to buy clothes all year long. In addition Students that are usually late to school because they have to get ready don’t have to be late anymore. To illustrate â€Å"school uniforms would save ti me for both parents and their children. Children would not have to think about what to wear in the morning and parents could not afford for their children to be late. †(Pros vs. Cons). This would benefit parents because they don’t have worry about their kids being late and eventually have to be kicked out of school. This help students achieve success because they don’t need to worry about being late. Lastly school uniforms would benefit the students because if the student was poor nobody would know. As stated â€Å"children who come from a less fortunate economic background would not appear to be â€Å"looking† or made fun of because their parents could not afford to buy them the newest trendy garments ,as children are very often harassed or embarrassed because of their clothe†(Marshall 24). If a student was being bullied on his clothes this would stop because everybody is wearing the same thing. This would help students with their self-esteem in school. School uniforms may help families but some students may disagree that it’s a way to take away ones individuality. School uniforms will restrict the outward expression of a student’s individuality. For example schools are taking away the students’ rights to express themselves. As stated â€Å"by instituting a uniform policy, schools are taking away kids individuality†(Ann 2). Some students thrive on individuality with uniforms they can’t. Although some students don’t think uniforms are right the schools main priority is to educate and in order to do this the school must have a safe learning environment. Second some students think that uniforms make them blend in. to illustrate â€Å"schools primary function is to educate, but secondary is a platform for socialization where clothing can play a role and with uniforms this makes it difficult for students to stand out† (Thomson 1). Students’ self-esteem may go down because they can’t wear their own clothes. However for other students it creates a sense of belonging. Even though students may think that uniforms take away their freedom of expression it is the schools responsibility to educate with a safe and welcoming environment. Research shows that students can achieve success by wearing uniforms therefore it is a great idea to enforce a policy on school uniforms. If schools everywhere were to introduce a school uniform policy there would be a dramatic change in students would feel motivated to go to school because they feel like they’re welcome. Perhaps schools everywhere should have a policy on school uniforms.

The Joy of Hate :: Example Personal Narratives

The Joy of Hate About ten years ago my dad was pastor in a church near Charleston. Two centuries ago, this was a prominent area in the slave industry, and after the Civil War, many harbored hateful attitudes toward blacks. Many families passed down this legacy of prejudice to the present day. After my father had been at this church for six months, one of the deacons asked him for a favor. Every year the town, mainly the church, held a youth baseball league and the deacon wanted my dad to announce the beginning of the season to the congregation and have my older brother play on a team. My father initially accepted the invitation but wanted to know more. He asked the deacon how the church had advertised the league and was told that the church did nothing else to publicize the program. Dad thought this a bit strange. Didn't the congregation want as many kids as possible to show up? When my dad investigated this puzzling question, he didn't like what he found. They weren't advertising because they didn't want the whole town to participate, especially the black families. This made my dad reconsider making the announcement to the church. He talked to my mom and prayed very hard for many days. Finally my father decided he would make the announcement and allow my brother to play. Although he didn't want to do this, my father knew that if he didn't, someone else would, and they'd twist it so he would look like a bad guy. There was one condition, though: If my father found out any black family who signed up their child to play was rejected, my brother would not play. Although he never found any proof of this, my father had a feeling it had happened. Daddy knew he couldn't change the league, so he decided instead to start a soccer team and advertise it clearly as a "for-everyone" event. He invited many families, black and white, to sign up their kids, and his hard work paid off. About 80 kids showed up for the first practice, half black and half white. Our entire family rejoiced at the large turnout, but soon something strange began to happen. Week by week the number of players declined. By the fourth practice, not enough showed up to even resemble a team.

How Steinbeck Presents the Character of Curley’s Wife

eys Examine how Steinbeck presents the character of Curley’s wife in ‘Of mice and men’ . Refer closely to the text in your answer to support your views. Throughout the novel Steinbeck presents the character of Curley’s wife in a number of ways. Initially he tells us that she is a beautiful girl who is lonely and she is the only female on the ranch. Steinbeck explains that she is presented as a sexual object for Curly. Even though she is the boss’s son’s wife she is still low in the hierarchy within the ranch. She clearly uses her sexuality as a weapon and is seen as a sexual predator.This is shown as she wears a lot of red and ostrich feathers. The red signals love, danger and sex. Unfortunately her sexuality has no impact on the farm because everyone is scared of being friendly or seen with her due to her husband’s power. She is flirtatious ‘you guys seen Curly anywhere? ’ She asks this just to be able to enter the stable to be with the men and this is used a decoy to get her to be able to socialise with the men. Stein beck is giving the reader a negative image of her, almost as a sex slave.We see this negativity in other character’s description of her: George states she is a ‘rattrap and a tramp’ , Lennie calls her ‘ purdy’, Candy states ‘ well that gloves full of Vaseline’ this refers to the idea that Curley wife is merely viewed by all as an object of sexual desire yet men are wary of her and avoid contact where possible. She seeks out greater weaknesses in others in order to protect herself or to survive. This she does with her appearance: ‘full rough lips, heavily made up eyes, finger nails red, her hair hung in little clusters’ . Her choices of clothes are very feminine and tempting desire.She wants to be admired and noticed. Her actions and mannerisms are also very sexual ‘leans against the door frame so her body is thrown forwar d. ’ Steinbeck is trying to present the character as a tease and an object of desire. This however clearly shows that she is a beautiful and desirable women who is merely seeking reassurance and love. Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife as not being important. This is evidenced by the fact she has no name and is only defined by her relationship with Curley. This is quite sad and emphasises that she has no real family, friends and is the only female.She is Curley’s possession and is used in the novel to show his masculinity and that she is trapped in a loveless marriage. Yet despite being unimportant she has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candys future dreams – they disappear on her death. Steinbeck shows the hierarchy of people clearly in the novel. Curley’s wife has little power as men are portrayed as more important. This is shown when Curley orders her to go back to the house and he treats her as a possession. Sadly the novel refers to her back ground as not being happy as her mother instructed her not to marry Curley but she did.Curley’s wife is shown as a lonely character who is desperate for companionship. She flirts with the men on the ranch and forces her company on them. Sadly she pays the price for her need of company when she encourages Lennie to stroke her hair and he overpowers her and accidently kills her. The American dream is key to the novel – this means everyone should have equality and hope for the future. Curley’s wife has a dream of becoming a Hollywood star, ‘says I was a natural’ and ‘I could have been in the movies’ This is still her dream to escape from the ranch.This emphasises her innocence as she still believes she will get her chance in life and these were her last thoughts before she was killed by Lennie. Steinbeck shows Curley’s wife as a victim – sweet and innocent in death. No one is sad for her – they only worry about Lennie- George is only worried about Lennies mistake, Curley wants revenge and to be seen as a strong man ‘I’m gonna shoot the guts outta the big bastard’ Throughout the novel no one shows her any sympathy: Candy is angry as his dream has been shattered now ‘you god damn tramp†¦. you messed things up’. She has lived a life without love and without achieving her dream.

Tragedy at Lumba’s Bend Essay

Five men were killed early this morning by a prematurely-exploded blast. Words flew fast in the village, and before long there was a crowd gathered near the scene of the accident. However, not one of them could come very near because the rocks and earth on the mountain side still rolled every now and then. We know were working in the mines did not yet know that there had been an accident. We only came to know of it when we are having our mess. Possibly it was either Demetrio’s gang or Pito’s gang that had perished, but as yet we could not be certain. After the mess we fell to work again, but many of those who were personally acquainted with men of Demetrio’s or Pito’s gang could not work very well. I myself was a great friend of Demetrio, and I could not keep my thoughts away from him. When my shift came, I crawled out of the hole and found that several of my friends had already volunteered to dig out the bodies. As soon as we entered the village, we were met by a number of excited women and children. They told us that only one of Demetrio’s men had escaped death, and even he was in a very serious condition. He had been taken to the hospital†¦.So it was really true that Demetrio had died. We passed by the hut where we boarded, and I felt a pang. I could only stare vacantly at the old woman who was looking out of the window. She was our occasional washer woman, and now she had brought a clean suit to the hut so that by the time Demetrio’s body was found we could easily change his clothes. My companions saw her also, but not one of us broke the silence. Instead we hurried to the shop where the company kept it tools, and asked for implements. There were already a number of men excavating the mountain side, and they were working with furious haste. But as there was still a know what to do, for she just stood there precariously, trembling and widly staring around. She was very pale and her eyes had the vacancy of an idiot’s look. Her dress had been ripped in places, and her hair hung in disorder. For a time, she seemed to communicate the same enervation to us, and we stood silent and watchful, as if waiting for her first move. Her sobs were growing weaker and weaker. Finally, they were only like distracted sighs. But after her eyes came to rest on us, standing there silently watching her, she broke into a loud fit of weeping. She suddenly  knelt down on the ground, covered her face with her hands, and cried louder. Some of the men approached her and tried to calm her, but when comforting hands were laid on her shoulders, she flung them away and shouted that she be left alone. For a time we did not know what to do with her. Later on, however, her parents came and cajoled her io going back to town. She walked between her parents, crying like a child. By nightfall we had found only two bodies. One was that of Busio. The other was so considerably disfigured that it was not recognizable as yet. We put the bodies on makeshift stretchers and carried them to the village. A representative from the company met us in the village and took care of the bodies. With him was an embalmer from the funeraria in town who began to embalm the bodies so that they would last until the company received word from the families of the dead men as to what was to be done with the bodies. A car from the funeraria came to the village and carried the dead to town. It is the policy of the company to indemnify the family of a worker who meets with an accident while working for the company. The company pays thirty pesos to the family that is willing to let the company bury the dead. But if the family wants to have the body, the company shoulders the transportation of the remains to the family, but does not feel obliged to pay any more money. Usually, however, it sends five or ten pesos as a sort of consolation to the bereaved family. We watched the car speed away, and when we could not see anymore, we talked about the accident. I moved from one group to another, unable to make up my mind to go home. And even though they talked mostly about the accident and I was beginning to think that I could not stand it any longer, yet I could not go anywhere else for I did not want to be alone and be left to my own thoughts. Perhaps it was just my imagination, but I seemed to sense that the atmosphere in the village had become ominous and subtly suggestive of death. The village was usually quiet, as if these workers who labored in constant danger had been brought too close to the reality of their danger. The women were so strangely subdued. I hastened away from them and went to the hut where I boarded. I thought I could sleep easily after such a fatiguing day, but I was mistaken. After I had put out the light, the darkness oppressed me and I seemed to hear the breathing of Demetrio beside me. I hastily relighted the kerosene lamp, but even the light could not dispel my nervousness, so I slipped down from the house and went to an open-all-night  restaurant. There were many people there and they talked loudly. I was glad when at last the faint glimmer of dawn broke on the horizon. Outside the restaurant, the streets were already thronged with men going to the mines. The men who had been in the establishment also came out, some going home to sleep and others going to work. I ate my breakfast, and when I went out I fell in with a bunch that was go ing to dig out the dead. By the middle of the afternoon, we had extracted the last body. This with two others we had previously found were placed in the waiting car sent by the funeraria and taken to town. I had seen Demetrio’s taken from under a huge boulder, and in some parts it looked as if it had been ground to a pulp. Even before the stone had crushed him, he had already killed by the blast. One of his arms had been torn away and his face has been so mutilated that instead of a face, he had blackened, raw mash of flesh. The sight of him greatly unnerved me and some of the men who dug with us turned away. Pepe, who had been at a distance from the others of Demetrio’s men when the accident occurred, was not so horribly mangled, but he was a limp as if all the bones in his body had melted†¦. After the car had left, we slowly wended our way back to the village and returned the implements we had borrowed. In answer to the telegrams sent out the company after the accident, two of the families replied that they would let the company bury their dead. One of the men who died did not have any family and nobody seemed to know where he came from either. Demetrio’s wife replied that she would have his body, and Pepe’s remains were taken by his wife. TONE: Turns out Sadly for the characters often with most of them dying. Characters: Demetrio’s gang Pepito’s gang Pepe Old woman-an occasional washer woman

Summary of A Victim Essays

Summary of A Victim Essays Summary of A Victim Essay Summary of A Victim Essay In Bruno Bettelheim’s A Victim, his purpose is to prove that the victim has as much control over a situation as the aggressor. He demonstrates that if one does not act like a victim, then one will not be treated as a victim. Bettelheim also proves that if a person does not behave in an expected way then one can not stereotype them (Bettelheim 57). Bettelheim makes the point that the victim acts in ways that are just as annoying as the aggressor’s actions. Attention is not brought to it because it is easier to say if the aggression will come to a stop, then the person getting victimized reactions will change. He explains that will not always happen, because the victim and aggressor are interlocked. They both have the same effect on each other, and no one assumes that the victims actions play a role on the aggressor’s reaction (57). Bettelheim’s next point is if one does not act like a victim then one will not be treated as a victim. Because he does not beg or act like there was such a difference in him and the guard, he is not acting as the rest of the victims. It is shocking to the guard, his expectations of the Jewish people is not how this man is acting, and he lets the man through to get further treatment. Since the man does not act like a victim, it is hard for the guard to treat him as one (58). â€Å"Since I did not act as the dangerous Jew was expected to, I did not activate the anxieties that went with his stereotype† (58). Bettelheim’s main purpose, is that the victim has as much control over a situation as the aggressor.

3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol n each of the following examples, placement of a phrase obfuscates the sentence’s narrative flow. Discussion and a revision follow each sentence. 1. Ultimately, it isn’t the strongest or the smartest companies that survive and prosper, but those that successfully adapt to change. Because â€Å"survive and prosper† applies to both the point and the counterpoint, it is best located at the end of the sentence; otherwise, the phrases ending in â€Å"that survive and prosper† and â€Å"that successfully adapt to change† appear to be distinct, whereas the second phrase, as part of the larger phrase beginning with but, is subordinate to the main clause: â€Å"Ultimately, it isn’t the strongest or the smartest companies, but those that successfully adapt to change, that survive and prosper.† 2. Anthony Ervin made history in the men’s 50-meter freestyle by becoming the oldest swimmer to win an individual Olympic gold medal at age thirty-five. This sentence states that of all the individual Olympic gold medalists in swimming who were thirty-five, Ervin was the oldest, but to correctly associate the age with Ervin alone, rather than with all thirty-five-year-old swimmers, the phrase â€Å"at age thirty-five† must be adjacent to Ervin’s name, preferably as an introductory phrase: â€Å"At age thirty-five, Anthony Ervin made history in the men’s 50-meter freestyle by becoming the oldest swimmer to win an individual Olympic gold medal.’ 3. Nevertheless, Neo-Nazis and white supremacists have been perpetuating the myth that the movie has an anti-Semitic message since at least 2008. The sentence could be misread to suggest that the myth is that the movie acquired a particular message in a specific year. To clarify that the year refers simply to the advent of the notion itself and is not integral to the notion, it should be placed near the head of the sentence: â€Å"Nevertheless, since 2008, Neo-Nazis and white supremacists have been perpetuating the myth that the movie has an anti-Semitic message.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†10 Types of Transitions10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

My generation negative and postive issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My generation negative and postive issues - Essay Example Even while outside perspectives on Generation Y might overemphasize technology when examining this generation, I recognize that the explosion of the Internet and the personal computer were defining characteristics. In these regards, my generation will be recognized as the last generation to emerge in an era before the Internet. When I consider the implications of such an occurrence, I recognize that it has positive and negative elements. Millennials were the last to experience the unfettered nature of existence prior to the onslaught of technological mediation that accompanied the computer, while at the same time being introduced to this technology at a formative enough period to grasp its more subtle concepts. Undoubtedly future generations growing up in this new world will build on Internet achievements, but they will always lack the more natural connection with the physical world of prior ages. Another prominent defining characteristic of my generation is experiencing the shifting economic stratosphere. This has been a unique experience as the 90s brought unparalleled economic growth and development only to result in a bubble economy that would pop in 1999 and then, as a result of the subprime mortgage crisis, collapse in 2008. I believe this experience has had a negative impact on my generation, as we had become accustomed to one way of living only to have it taken away. When I consider movements such as the Occupy Wall Street protests I recognize that although income disparity is a pressing concern, a great amount of the protestors are simply discontent at their inability to attain high paying employment. I believe growing up in a bubble economy greatly conditioned them to expect this out of life, resulting in a youth culture of entitlement. While there are negative aspects of my generation I also recognize that there is much to be

General Planning Process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

General Planning Process - Case Study Example After full analysis of the performance of the company, the analysts found that one of four project managers has lefted the company and since then the company has failed to accomplish around seven projects which totally worth around $30000 dollars. Having no control of managers for these projects, has caused the wrong assignment of web designers, web developers and web programmers to the projects which has caused an average of two weeks delay on project delivery. There are three ways that can be applied to the problem, first is to ask some of the developers that have no manager now, to leave the company. Second, is to ask the remained managers to have the control of the projects that have no manager right now, this means that three left managers should have the power to control seven more projects per month. The third and last option is to add a new manager to the company. The first option, will not help the company to re-gain the lost income since it only asks the additional work force to leave the company. The second option will force a more work pressure to the managers.Even if we consider that they they will do their best, they need to be paid more because of the more work they do. The third option is the same as the second option in costs to the company but it has less pressure on the quality of work. The owner of the company decides to choose ... This is a temporary but useful way to reduce the loss of income till a new manager arrives and the the studio goes back to it's normal

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 345

Assignment Example Ford’s financials for the fiscal year that ended December 2003 addressed foreign exchange risk management. The company first understands and measures its exposure to various risks. For example, Ford is exposed to foreign currency risks. The firm utilizes cash flow hedges to prevent and minimize the risks. However, Ford hedges only between 25% and 30% of its foreign exchange risks. The firm hedges various currencies including Swedish krone, Mexico pesos, British sterling pounds, Brazilian reals, and Japanese yen (Hyman 32). Ford uses various hedging techniques to minimize the risks. These methods include value-at-risk (VaR) analysis. VaR assists the organization to assess its exposure to variations in foreign currency exchange rates. The VaR model focuses on profit and losses. Therefore, the technique allows Ford to calculate the size of the deviation between the probable profit and a yearly planned profit with a 95% probability. The current currency volatility in Venezuela is Ford’s primary concern. In 2015, the company announced that, it took charge related to its operations in Venezuela that would reduce fourth-quarter net profit by about $700 millions (Reuters 1). Venezuelan bolivars value fluctuates due to the illegal market. Reuters reported that illegal traders exchange a dollar for more than 180 bolivars. Such exchange rate is high compared to the country’s three-tiered exchange rate system. Venezuela’s currency exchange rate ranges between 6.3 bolivars and 50 bolivars to the dollar (6). Overall, Ford has grown significantly since its establishment. Despite the fact that the company experiences many risks in its operations, the firm adopted sound hedging techniques. Similarly, any company operating either locally or internationally might experience different challenges. However, good management strategies would propel the

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies Abstract: Atomic radius is the physical size of an atom while ionization energy is the energy required to completely pull one electron away from an atom. When it comes to the periodic table, there are accepted periodic trends for both atomic radius and ionization energy. However, there are some instances in which certain elements do not follow the predetermined periodic trends. These are areas in which trend anomalies occur. On the attached graph, four such anomalies are circled, but only three will be discussed: anomaly #2, anomaly #3, and anomaly #4. The purpose of this report is to explain what about these specified regions is unpredictable, and give a concise reasoning, in relation to electron configuration, as to why the anomalies occur. Ionization Energy: The general trend for ionization energy is that it increases up a group and also increases from left to right. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear consecutively on the periodic table, the left to right trend will be given focus. The reasoning for theis trend is dependent upon the Zeff. The Zeff increases concurrently with the number of protons in an atoms nucleus. The more protons in a nucleus, the more attraction there is between the individual electrons and the nucleus which in turn means a larger Zeff.The higher the Zeff, the closer the electrons are held to the nucleus and therefore, the more energy is required to separate those electrons from the atom. However, in some cases this trend does not apply to certain elements. The following anomalies occur with respect to the trend of ionization energy on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #2: Elements 7 8 The second anomaly found on the graph occurs at elements 7 and 8, Nitrogen and Oxygen. On the periodic table Nitrogen is element 7, indicating that is has 7 protons in its nucleus while Oxygen is element 8, indicating that is has 8 protons in its nucleus. Due to the fact that Oxygen has a larger number of protons in its nucleus, it should also have a larger Zeff. The larger Zeff means that there should be a greater attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, giving Oxygen a higher ionization energy than Nitrogen. This, however, is not the case. In fact, Nitrogen has a higher ionization energy that Oxygen. To understand why this occurs, the electron configurations of both elements should be taken into account. Nitrogen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p3 while Oxygen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p4. Nitrogens p-orbital is exactly half full, with having 3 of a potential 6 electrons present. This configuration is considered to be a more stable one because there is an equal exchange of energies between the electrons of the 2p-orbital. This configuration is also considered to be more stable than the configuration of Oxygen, which has 4 electrons, more than half, in its p-orbital (Boudreaux, 2017). The increased stability of Nitrogen means that it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does to pull electrons from the less stable Oxygen (Woodward, 2017). This kind of anomaly also occurs at elements 15 and 16, Phosphorous and Sulfur. The two elements are in the same periodic groups as Oxygen and Nitrogen. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous has an exactly half full p-orbital, with 3 out of 6 possible electrons. Sulfur however, has a p-orbital with 4 electrons. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous is considered to have a more stable configuration because the energy levels in the p-orbital are distributed evenly, while the energy levels in the p-orbital of Sulfur are not. Due to this increased stability in takes more energy to pull electrons from Phosphorous than it does for Sulfur, just as it does nor Nitrogen and Oxygen, despite the fact that the periodic trend for ionization energy would predict the exact opposite. Anomaly #3: Elements 45-50 The third anomaly on the graph occurs from elements 45 to 50; Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Cadmium, Indium, and Tin.ÂÂ   Based on the periodic trend for ionization energy, the ionization energy should gradually increase as the graph goes from element 45, Rhodium, to element 50, Tin. This should occur because each consecutive element has more protons in its nucleus than the last, meaning a larger Zeff and by extension, a larger ionization energy. This does not occur though. Instead, starting at Rhodium, the elements follow and up, down, up, down pattern with Rhodium and Tin marking the ending and the re-starting of the regular pattern, respectively. To better understand why this anomaly occurs the following table should be taken into consideration: Atomic Number Element Electron Configuration 45 Rhodium 5s14d8 46 Palladium 4d10 47 Silver 5s14d10 48 Cadmium 5s24d10 49 Indium 5s25p1 50 Tin 5s25p2 As previously stated these elements form a pattern that goes up, down, up, down with Rhodium marking the end of the previously regular trend and Tin marking the re-start of that trend. The first element that shoots up in ionization energy is Palladium. Palladium has a much larger ionization energy than Rhodium. This is because Palladium has a full d-orbital while Rhodium does not. Palladiums full d-orbital makes it a more stable element, because its valence orbital is satisfied, than Rhodium therefore, it takes more energy to pull electrons from Palladiums orbit than it does to pull them from Rhodiums. Silvers ionization energy it much lower than Palladiums however, and it is the first of the elements to go down in the pattern. While Silver does have a full d-orbital, it also has a half full s-orbital. Due to the fact that there is a half full s-orbital, Silvers orbitals are no longer satisfied. Palladium, however, still has a full d-orbital, with no electrons in the s-orbital, makin g it the more stable configuration. Once again, Palladium has the larger ionization energy because it is considered to have a more stable configuration, and it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does for Silver. After Silver comes Cadmium. Cadmium is the second up element in the pattern. While both of the elements, Silver and Cadmium, have full d-orbitals, Cadmium also has a full s-orbital. Due to the fact that Cadmium has both s and d-orbitals full it is considered to have a more stable configuration than Silver, explaining why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy that Silver does. The next element to go down in the pattern is Indium. Cadmium is an extremely stable element because both its s and d-orbitals are full. Indium, however, has only 1 electron in its p-orbital making it a much less stable configuration than that of Cadmium (Barrens, 2007). Due to the fact that Indium is much less stable than Cadmium, it takes less energy to pull electrons from its orbit, giving reason to why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy than Indium. The last element in the pattern, Tin, marks the re-start of the general ionization energy trend. Even though the electron configuration of Indium and Tin are very similar, Indium only has 1 electron in its p-orbital while Tin has 2. Despite the fact that the elements have similar configurations Tin is still considered to be a more stable element and therefore it has a larger ionization energy than Indium. After Tin, the accepted trend for ionization energy begins again. In relation to the huge jump in ionization energy between Cadmium and Indium, Zinc and Gallium also demonstrate the same kind of jump. Zinc and Gallium are in the same periodic groups as Cadmium and Indium. Zinc has an electron configuration of 4s23d10 while Gallium has an electron configuration of 4s24p1. Once again, Zinc`s 4s and 3d-orbitals are full, meaning it has a more stable configuration then Gallium, explaining why it has a high ionization energy. It should also be noted that the big drop in ionization energy occurs when a new subshell starts. The starting of a new subshell decreases the stability of an atoms configuration, making it easier to pull electrons from the orbit of that atom (Wiberg Wiberg, 2001). Atomic Radius: The accepted periodic trend for atomic radius is as follows: atomic radius increases down a group as well as from right to left on the periodic table. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear side by side on the table, focus will be given to the right to left trend. Atomic radii decrease from left to right due to the fact that effective nuclear charge, Zeff, increases from left to right. The Zeff is the overall pull an electron feels from the nucleus; the greater the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, the greater the Zeff. This means that as the number of protons in the nucleus increases, so does the Zeff because there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and the individual electrons. The greater the pull of the electrons to the nucleus the smaller the atomic radius. This trend, however, is not always followed. The following anomaly occurs with respect to the trend for atomic radius on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #4: Elements 58 to 72 First Row Inner-transition Metals This anomaly occurs from element 58 to 71, Cerium to Hafnium. Based on the trend explained above, the atomic radius for these elements should increase from Hafnium to Cerium due to the fact that each element, going backwards, has less protons in its nucleus than the last, therefore, having a smaller Zeff. This, however, does not occur and instead the graph shows the inner-transition metals to have almost or exactly the same atomic radii. This anomaly occurs due to what is called Lanthanoid contraction. To understand this anomaly the electron configuration of these elements must be taken into consideration. All of these elements have a 4f-orbital, which makes them unique (NCERT, 2017). Typically, atomic radius tends to decrease when moving from left to right on the periodic table because there is room for more electrons in the existing energy levels.ÂÂ   When more electrons are added to these energy levels atomic radius tends to get smaller because the additional protons attract the electrons more, and pull the outer shell of electrons closer to the nucleus. This does not happen with electrons in the f-orbitals though. Instead of electrons being added to the outer shell of the atom, electrons are added to an inner-shell where f-orbital elements are concerned (Wicks, 2015). This causes a shielding effect. The shielding effect occurs when the inner-shell electrons shield the outer-shell electrons from the full magn itude of the nuclear charge, or attraction to the nucleus (Bains, 2014). This shielding effect is Lanthanoid contraction.ÂÂ   In elements 58 to 71, Lanthanoid contraction causes the 4f electrons to shield each other from their attraction to the nucleus. Due to the fact that these elements do not feel the full attraction of the nucleus the atomic radius does not increase a large amount. This explains why the inner-transition metals have atomic radii that are very similar, and do not differ very much in magnitude (Encyclopedia, 2011). References Bains, Amrit. (2014). Lanthanide Contraction. Retrieved from Chemistry LibreTexts: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions/Lanthanide_Contraction Barrens, Richard. (2007). Zinc and Gallium Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Students` Technical Activities Body : https://stab-iitb.org/newton-mirror/askasci/chem07/chem07038.htm Boudreaux, Kevin. (2017). Periodic Trends Ionization Energy. Retrieved from Angelo State University: https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/trends_ionization_energy.htm Britannica Encyclopedia. (2011). Lanthanois Contraction . Retrieved from Britannica Encyclopedia : https://www.britannica.com/science/lanthanoid-contraction NCERT (National Council for Edication and Training). (2017). The d- and f- block Elements. Retrieved from National Council for Education and Training : http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lech108.pdf Wiberg, Egon., Wiberg, Nils. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. In E. Wiberg, N. Wiberg, Inorganic Chemistry (p. 1306). San Diego: Academic Press. Wicks, Kurt. (2015). Exceptions to the General Trend for Atomic Radius. Retrieved from Chemistry Lecture Notes: http://www.chemistrylecturenotes.com/html/exceptions_to_the_general_tren.html Woodward, Pat. (2017). Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Ohio State University : http://cbc-wb01x.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~woodward/ch121/ch7_ie.htm